Relation between performance limit and entropy change rate of reservoirs for irreversible Carnot heat pumps

Studies the influence of main irreversible effects on the performance of Carnot heat pumps. Educes the relation between the minimum heat transfer area and the entropy change rate of the reservoirs. Gains an analogy expression of the second law of thermodynamics. Obtains the optimal relation between the performance coefficient and the entropy change rate of the reservoirs.